Are we approaching the universal shield?
Jul 03, 2007
For political and ecological reasons, the trenchless or underground construction method has become an essential part of establishing underground infrastructural supply and disposal networks in our cities. In the last decades, the major developments have focused on improving the machine technology with a view to create one machine type that alone is able to excavate the respective underground cavity independent of the geological and hydro-geological limiting conditions. The main focus of the following presentation is one shield machine type that may be seen as the forerunner of a universal shield.
In the following application case, two main process groups are differentiated in connection with the trenchless construction method [1]:
- Trenchless installation of cables and pipes by jacking
- Tunneling and gallery heading method
If the tunneling and gallery heading method is applied, the installed cavity is saved and/or excavated depending, amongst others, on the method technology, the rock mass stability and the intended use of in-cast concrete, sprayed concrete or prefabricated segments (tubbing segments). In the following, this process group, which is mainly applied in the construction of traffic tunnels, is not described in detail.
In pipe jacking processes, the shield machine has the following functions:
- to protect the personnel,
- to create the necessary cavity in order to press in the pipe string with a minimum of soil deformations and the least skin friction possible,
- to secure the cavity until the jacking pipes definitely bear all loads and forces,
- to protect the working face against collapsing soil or rock as well as groundwater, and
- to steer the jacking along the designed line and gradient in compliance with the permissible deviations [1].
- Open shield machines do not have a pressure-tight separation between the working face and the pipe string behind it. They are characterised by a relatively good accessibility to the working face and a machine technology that is easy to manage.
- Closed shield machines are equipped with a pressure bulkhead (partition bulkhead) between the working face and the shield tail in order to create artificial pressure. They are used as compressed air shields, fluid shields or earth pressure balance shields depending on the applied support medium.
- Shield machines with partial excavation
- Shield machines with full-face excavation
Despite numerous efforts of the machine manufacturers, it has not been possible yet to develop a universal shield machine that is in the position to carry out a pipe jacking process taking into account all possible geological and hydro-geological conditions, all limiting jacking conditions (e.g. jacking length, nominal size of pipe, cover etc.) as well as all economic, ecological, logistic and safety-related aspects.
- Variation of excavation machine or excavation device and/or
- Variation of the principle for working face support (method change)
„hilco-Varioschild“ is an approach to realise the universal shield with partial excavation. (Figure 3) [14].
- SM-T1 (working face with natural support) ↔ SM-T2 (working face with partial support)
- SM-T1 (working face with natural support) ↔ SM-T3 (working face with compressed air support)
- SM-T1 (working face with natural support) ↔ SM-T5 (working face with earth pressure support)
- SM-T2 (working face with partial support) ↔ SM-T3 (working face with compressed air support)
- SM-T2 (working face with partial support) ↔ SM-T5 (working face with earth pressure support)
- SM-T3 (working face with compressed air support) ↔ SM-T5 (working face with earth pressure support)
- Loose soil: all classes L according to DIN 18319 [16] with the additional classes S 1 to S 4 (cobbles and boulders with a mass percentage of more than 30% and a max. height of up to 600 mm)
- Rock: rock with unaxial compressive strengths of max. 5 N/mm² or 5 Mpa, respectively (class FZ 1/FD 1 according to DIN 18319 [16])
For political and ecological reasons, the trenchless construction method has become an essential part of the installation of underground pipeline networks in our cities.
Literature
[1] Stein, D.: Trenchless Technology for Installation of Cables and Pipelines. Private publisher Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stein & Partner GmbH (www.stein.de), ISBN 3-00-014955-4. Bochum, 2005.
[2] Stein, D.: Der begehbare Leitungsgang. ISBN 3-433-01263-6, Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, 2002.
[3] Hähnlen, V.: Einsatz, Fertigung und Verlegung großformatiger Stahlbetonrohre. 3R international 31 (1992), issue 3, pp. 128-137.
[4] Straßenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung (StVZO) 28 September 1988 (BGBI. I p. 1793), last amended by the regulation of 03 August 2000 (BGBI. I p. 1273).
[5] Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung (StVO) in the version of the effective date of 16/05/2006, last amended by the 16th regulation to modify the Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung of 11 May 2006 (Bundesgesetzblatt volume 2006 Part I No. 23 p. 1160, issued in Bonn on 15 May 2006).
[6] Deutscher Ausschuss für unterirdisches Bauen e.V. (DAUB), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Geomechanik, Forschungsgesellschaft für das Verkehrs- und Straßenwesen, FGU Fachgruppe für Untertagbau Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein: Empfehlungen zur Auswahl und Bewertung von Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen. Taschenbuch für den Tunnelbau 1998 (22nd edition), Essen: Glückauf GmbH, 1997, pp. 257-321.
[7] Maidl, B., Herrenknecht, M., Anheuser, L.: Mechanised Shield Tunneling. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, 1996.
[8] Deutscher Ausschuss für unterirdisches Bauen (DAUB), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Geomechanik (ÖGG) und Arbeitsgruppe Tunnelbau der Forschungsgesellschaft für das Verkehrs- und Straßenwesen, FGU Fachgruppe für Untertagbau Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein: Empfehlungen zur Auswahl und Bewertung von Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen. Tunnel (1997), issue 5, p. 20.
[9] Stein, D.: Hindernisortung und beseitigung beim hydraulischen Rohrvortrieb. Taschenbuch für den Tunnelbau 1985, Essen: Glückauf GmbH, 1984, pp. 330-356.
[10] Deutscher Ausschuss für unterirdisches Bauen (DAUB), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Geomechanik (ÖGG) und Arbeitsgruppe Tunnelbau der Österreichischen Forschungsgemeinschaft Straße und Verkehr, Fachgruppe für Untertagebau (FGU), Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein (SIA): Empfehlung für Konstruktion und Betrieb von Schildmaschinen. Taschenbuch für den Tunnelbau 2001, Essen: Glückauf GmbH, 2000, pp. 256-288.
[11] Company information Herrenknecht AG, Schwanau.
[12] Herrenknecht, M.: Die Entwicklung der Mixschilde. Tiefbau (1994), issue 11, pp. 674-685.
[13] Herrenknecht, M., Bäppler, K.: Einsatz von Mixschilden – Asien, Australien, Europa. Taschenbuch für den Tunnelbau 1999 (volume 23 ), Essen: Glückauf GmbH, 1998, pp. 307-336.
[14] Company information hilco Tunnelvortriebstechnik GmbH, Bitburg-Masholder.
[15] Verordnung über Arbeiten in Druckluft (Druckluftverordnung). 4 October 1972 BGBl I p.1909, amended on 19 June 1997 BGBl I p.1384, last amended on 21 June 2005, BGBl I p. 1666.
[16] DIN 18319: Contract procedures for building works (VOB) - Part C: General technical specifications for building works; Pipe drilling works (12.2000).
More News and Articles
Apr 29, 2024
News
Minimising cultural impacts with trenchless
Through the benefits of trenchless technology, Yarra Valley Water is minimising impacts on the Upper Darebin Creek branch sewer project.
The project consists of building a 2.7km sewer pipe in Epping, …
Apr 26, 2024
News
Bothar’s cutting head innovation
The trenchless industry in Australia continues to grow and the need to provide customised solutions becomes vital for a leading subsurface contractor.
Recognising the need for advanced solutions to meet the growing …
Apr 24, 2024
News
Sustainable drainage solutions: German Start-up transforms urban water management.
Germany boasts a well-established infrastructure for managing rainwater and wastewater, yet many developing countries lack such systems. Addressing this gap, …
Apr 22, 2024
News
HDD tooling that gets the job done
Horizontal directional drilling is a dynamic process that constantly changes and adapts to suit a range of applications across utilities and infrastructure. Operators looking to get the most from their equipment …
Apr 19, 2024
News
WATCH: Overnight with SAERTEX-LINER H20 in São Paulo
Available through Pipe Core, high-quality liner SAERTEX-LINER H20 performed under pressure in São Paulo, Brazil.
Maintaining aging potable water pipe infrastructure is a constant challenge …
Apr 17, 2024
News
Immersive media provides wastewater experience in Denmark
An immersive media experience (IMX) may not be what most people want when they think about industrial wastewater, but that is exactly what visitors can expect when they visit a new installation …
Apr 15, 2024
News
Spotlight on gender diversity at Pipe Core
Since founding in 2008, Pipe Core’s team has grown across all areas of the business and is now in a position where there are more females than males across the organisation. Research published in Harvard …
Apr 12, 2024
News
New Wave of Startups Scale Innovation to Solve Global Water Challenges
Innovators from Around the World Join Xylem’s 2024 Accelerator Program to Deploy Breakthrough Innovations for Utilities and Industrial Users of Water
A new group of startups …
Apr 08, 2024
News
Integrated sustainable electricity and clean drinking water systems
Altitude Water and New Use Energy Solutions have partnered to create integrated, mobile solar-plus-water generation systems that produce sustainable electricity and clean drinking …
Apr 05, 2024
News
How to Evaluate Hydraulic Fracture Risk in HDD Design
The design of horizontal directional drill (HDD) installations often requires an evaluation of the potential for hydraulic fracture of the soil layers through which an HDD passes. Evaluating …
Apr 02, 2024
News
Historic Project Linking Rome and Vatican City Uses Advanced Technology and Local Knowledge to Keep Water Flowing
Relocation of Major Sewer Infrastructure Enables Construction of Pedestrian Link for 35 Million Visitors to the 2025 Jubilee
Water …
Mar 27, 2024
News
USU Study Looks at Water Main Break Rates in the U.S. and Canada
Report Highlights Correlation Between Material and Diameter
Utah State University (USU) has published new research on water main breaks in the United States and Canada, examining …
Contact
Dipl.-Ing. Robert Stein (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stein & Partner GmbH)
44801 Bochum
Phone:
+49 234 5167 0
Fax:
+49 234 5167 109