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A compaction test (i.e. of the soil-mechanical parameters of the material that has been backfilled into the embedment, and used in the main backfill) is required in order to verify the load assumptions that have been made in the planning stage, or to adjust them based on changing conditions and thus, to assert that the soil-mechanical parameters of the piping comply with the requirements that have been determined in structural calculations. Furthermore, … |
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A compaction test of the bedding layer is of particular importance, as this layer has to bear loads before the side fill, cover and main backfill are placed and compacted. Thus, a compaction test at an earlier point in time is highly recommended over a compaction test after the completion of the construction works. This ensures that subsequent settlings or subsidence can be minimised or even prevented. |
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In order to prevent gross defects or deficiencies in the construction work and contractual debates on the evaluation of results obtained by means of different test methods and testing devices, it should be proceeded as follows (provided that nothing else is specified in the contract):
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The photos below summarise the currently available compaction test methods. In the following, their fields of application will be illustrated. (Image: Core Cutter Method) (Image: Replacement Test) (Image: Dynamic Plate Load Test) (Image: Dynamic Probing) |
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(Table: Common errors and consequences of faulty compaction testing) |
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(Table: Common errors and consequences of faulty compaction testing (2)) |
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Congratulations! You have successfully finished this module. Next, you will have the opportunity to review the newly acquired knowledge with an interactive questionnaire. You can, of course, still navigate back to any point in the modules if you wish to review a specific point or subject. Stay curious! |
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Jun 17, 2019 The installation of water and wastewater networks is carried out around the world to a large extent in open cut construction. This module focuses on all of the relevant information relating installation and alignment of the pipes, backfill compaction, alternative backfill materials, and the removal of the shoring. Upon the successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Standard Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) contains the requirements for safety and health for construction [[OSHA Standard- 29 CFR, Part 1926]]. Many OSHA documents use the term "competent person" as "one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who … |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA Part 1926 of the OSHA Standard- 29 CFR is the Safety and Health Regulations for Construction part. The table below encompasses the table of contents of the part. The student is referred to the OSHA website for further reading. (Table: OSHA Standard 29 CFR Part 1926) |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA [[OSHA Standard- 29 CFR, Part 1926]] requires that all excavations in which employees could potentially be exposed to cave-ins be protected by:
The OSHA standard suggests three methods for designing protective systems for preventing potential cave-ins. The table below summarizes these … |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA (Image: Attention!) Ladders, steps, ramps, or other safe means of exit for employees working in trench excavations deeper than 4 ft (1.22 m) must be provided. These devices must be located in the excavation within 25 ft (7.62 m) of all workers. Any structural ramps used must be designed by a competent person if they are used for employee access or egress, or by a competent person qualified in structural design if they are used for vehicles. Also, structural … |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA The student must understand that it is impossible to cover every requirement of the [[OSHA Standard- 29 CFR, Part 1926]] Manual in this short course as it relates to trench and excavation safety. Therefore, the student is encouraged to access the official OSHA webpage to learn more about this topic: https://osha.gov. |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA (Image: Attention!) Similarly, it would be extremly long and cumbersome to present all requirements about the installation, maintenance and application of traffic control devices on all public streets, highways, bikeways and private roads open to public travel. The student is referred to [[Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)]] for a very detailed overview of the following pages. |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA Barricades serve various functions on the construction site, including:
According to [[Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)]] "Stripes on barricade rails shall be alternating orange and white retroreflective stripes (sloping downward at an angle of 45 degrees in the direction traffic … |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA (Image: Attention!) Traffic cones are used to channelize traffic, divide opposing traffic lanes, divide traffic lanes when two or more lanes are kept open in the same direction, and delineate short-duration maintenance and utility work. Cones can be doubled up to increase their weight. Some cones are constructed with bases that can be filled with ballast [[Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)]]. |
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May 13, 2019 AE-02 Open Cut Method: Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Administration Requirements in the USA Vertical panels shall be 8 to 12 in wide and at least 24 in high. They shall have orange (fluorescent red-orange or fluorescent yellow-orange) and white stripes, and be retroreflectorive. Panel stripe widths shall be 6 in, except where panel heights are less than 36 in, when 4-in stripes may be used. If used for two-way traffic, back-to-back panels shall be used. Vertical panels may be used to channel traffic, divide opposing lanes of traffic, divide … |
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