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The determination of the consistency (condition) can be done both in situ and in the laboratory. In the case of the in-situ test, the condition of a cohesive type of soil is to be determined as follows:

  1. A type of soil is called “very soft, if it runs through the fingers while being pressed together in a fist;

  2. Soft, if it can be kneaded easily;

  3. Firm, if, although it is hard to be kneaded, it can be rolled out to 0.12 in (3 mm) thick rolls in the …

Using the soil samples' water content at the liquid and plastic limits, wL and wP (Atterberg consistency limit), according to [[ASTM D4318-10]] and/or [DIN18122], and the natural water content w, the consistency index IC (or CI) can be calculated :

(Formula: Consistency index)

The consistency index is a numerical representation of the consistency of a soil.

(Table: Consistency index IC and designation of the soil state of cohesive soils in accordance …

Soil plasticity is the “Property of a cohesive soil, which changes its mechanical behaviour with change in the water content” [DINENISO14688:2001].

The plasticity is the range between the liquid- and the plastic limit. This range is classified into very soft, soft and firm [DIN18122].

(Image: Consistency band [Trian00])

The state conditions of the plastic range are shown as numerical values ​​in the table. The liquidity index IL = 1 - IC is also listed.

(Table: Conditions in the plastic range [DIN18122])

The degree of plasticity is obtained from the water content of the soil at the liquid limit wL [[ASTM D4318-10]], and is as per [ [DIN18196:2011]] and [ [DINENISO14688:2018]], divided into:

Low plasticity

wL < 35 % by weight

Medium plasticity

35 < wL < 50 % by weight

High plasticity

wL > 50 % by weight

The plasticity index, IP, is used in order to achieve a clear distinction of the cohesive soil type into silt or clay, as well as in silty or …

Special classifications and designations for fine soils (silt and clay) subject to the liquid limit wL can be found in EN ISO 14688-2.

[ [DINENISO14688:2018]]

(Table: Classification of fine soils subject to the liquid limit wL or plasticity index IP as per EN ISO 14688-2)

Typical parameters for liquid limit (wL), plastic limit (wP) and plasticity index (IP) of several soil types, can be found in the table.

The plasticity index IP is illustrated in the plasticity diagram subject to the liquid limit wL.

(Table: Typical parameters for wL, wP and IP of selected types of soil)
(Image: Plasticity diagram according to Casagrande with soil groups to DIN 18196)

Jun 22, 2023

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