Correct defect identification and damage assessment in general and of corrosion defects in particular as basis for efficient sewer rehabilitation planning
Mar 22, 2006
ABSTRACTAs waste water systems get older, their performance tends to decline. Breaks, cracks, corrosion and other types of failures causing leakage, hydraulic bottlenecks etc. up to collapsing sewers and mains. Condition assessment – either cyclic or demand orientated – is the basis for rehabilitation planning. The quality of inspection and assessment forms the base for cost efficient and sustainable section and network rehabilitation. Especially corrosion defects are difficult to identify and separate from other defects such as abrasion or incrustation. The correct identification of each of the defects is one major issue for later rehabilitation planning. Another one is the correct assessment of such defects. Sophisticated damage models, based on stability analysis, allow the possibility of detailed section assessment needed for priority ranking and the indication of the rehabilitation type (repair, renovation or replacement). The theoretical background of the different steps is outlined and all issues are dealt with in detail on examples.
Operation, maintenance and rehabilitation of sewer networks are mainly driven by the results of CCTV inspections. A standard classification scheme has been issued with the European EN 13508 code. The inspection results are of course suitable for prioritising the most urgent measures within the network, because of leaks exfiltrating fowl water to the aquifer or collapses causing instability, which are detected in a pipe. However, correct identification of certain damage types which change over time such as corrosion, does gives the opportunity for a pro-active rehabilitation of the network and eases the identification of the causes for such deterioration. Therefore the three steps identification, assessment of current state and prediction of aging behaviour are closely mended together as basis for an efficient rehabilitation planning as it is shown in figure 1.
2 Defect identification
The first step but probably the hardest one is the correct identification of the damages in general and of corrosion damages in particular. Whereas defects like fissures or breaks are more easily to determine, corrosion defects are likely to look like abrasion defects and may hide, even after cleaning, beneath incrustation and sedimentation. One indicator to separate abrasion from corrosion defects is the circumferential location of the defect as abrasion is most likely to happen on the invert of the sewer pipe. As shown in figure 2, there are several possible positions for pipe surface defects, but only for type c) a closer look needs to differentiate between the two possibilities for the others it are most likely corrosion defects.
3 Damage assessment
In principle, the identified defects are assigned to damage classes according to their observed structural and functional integrity. Common grading schemes distinguish between 4 and 6 damage classes, which are defined by threshold values for particular types of defects.
These thresholds either base on structural defects or functional deficiencies and their environmental impacts, or both. The schemes vary between simple assignment of grades to inspection codes and more complex scoring models.
Due to its binary logic, the assignment of damage classes according to strict thresholds leads to ascend of a defect into the next higher class and thus to a precipitous condition degradation, if the defined threshold value is exceeded, although the absolute change is rather small. Apart from this the thresholds often do not include the various ancillary conditions. As a consequence the assigned damage classes do often not reflect the true impact of a defect on stability, operation and environment.
The framework STATUS developed by Stein & Partner does solve these issues by introducing fuzzy logic to the sewer assessment and by the modern and sophisticated damage assessment models.
3.1 Fuzzy logic within STATUS
By applying fuzzy logic instead of the binary logic, strict jumps into the next classes are smoothened by continuous damage grade transitions. These damage grade transitions are characterized by the degree of membership of the appropriate element to the neighbouring classes.
Thus, the membership degree of an element to a class can be described in form of continuous membership functions infinitely from 0 (no affiliation) to 1 (full affiliation). The fuzzy grading is used within STATUS for all steps of a sewer network assessment forming the mathematical background of the assessment, stretching from damage assessment over pipe evaluation to the forecasting model.
The basic procedure is illustrated in figure 7, demonstrating exemplarily the grading of longitudinal cracks, whereby the grade thresholds from the German standard "Arbeitshilfen Abwasser" act as input variables for the membership functions. A longitudinal crack with the tear width of 2 mm according to this standard as well as for the fuzzy grading belongs to damage grade 3.
However, a longitudinal crack with the tear width 1.5 mm, following the German standard belongs fully to damage grade 2, whereas the fuzzy grading system assigns a portion of 35 % to damage grade 2 and the substantially larger portion of 65 % to damage grade 3, resulting in a final grade of 2.65
The fuzzy logic system of "STATUS Sewer" fuzzificates the values for the further processing using specific fuzzy membership functions. The fuzzificated values are used within an inference matrix for further processing, the inference matrices can be multidimensional and are build from the fuzzy process rules.
All this leads to a more precise defect evaluation and is the first step towards a more detailed assessment. The concept is adapted to a wide range of defect types, and is suitable for almost any grading system available.
3.2 Sophisticated damage assessment models within STATUS
So far fuzzy logic is just replacing the strict classification of the standard assessment procedures. In the next step of the evaluation system of STATUS additional parameters are taken into account, such as ground water level, load or soil permeability. Thus results in new damage models for the specific defect types such as corrosion. The scheme of such a new assessment model is visualised at figure 8.
At figure 9 the result fields for a corroded concrete pipe of 400 diameter with defined ancillary conditions is shown. It clearly illustrates that the ancillary conditions, neglected in most common assessment models, do have a significant impact on the damage severity.
4 Further steps towards efficient rehabilitation planning
4.1 Section Assessment
After the detailed damage assessment STATUS uses a fuzzy logic enhanced section assessment, which is divided into condition assessment and the assessment of the substance. In general the condition of a section indicates the priority of action whereas the substance indicates the type of action required such as repair, relining or replacement, supporting network operators in their rehabilitation decisions.
Both indicators are derived from the single defects located in the related sewer section. This shows clearly, that the quality of this subsequent analytical step is directly dependent on the quality of the defect assessment done before.
The section assessment reveals the present situation of the single sections within the network regarding their structural ability, quality of service and environmental impact. Nevertheless it is just a view on fixed point in time. By projecting the determined present state of the network into the future using strategic forecasts the network operators get detailed information on the deterioration processes that alter condition and substance of the single sewer sections.
The primary mathematical model behind the forecasts is the model of Markov-chains, which determine the probability of condition changes. Only now the network operators are able to develop efficient long-term rehabilitation plans and determine stable long-ranging strategies for network development, network management, determine future quality of service or coordinate efficiently with other infrastructure network maintenance such as road construction or water network rehabilitation.
5 Conclusion
A sophisticated defect assessment like it is implemented with STATUS is the indispensable basis for an efficient and sustainable management of sewer networks. Especially the assessment of corrosion defects, which impact stability and functionality and affect usually the whole length of a section, needs to be as exact and realistic as possible.
Otherwise risks and costs are increasing and, far more dangerous, become unpredictable. STATUS as a learning and calibratable system gives the opportunity of determination of optimal inspection, cleaning and rehabilitation schedules as well as optimal rehabilitation methods on the basis of an extended sewer section assessment concept and the extensive consideration of boundary conditions.
6 References
Herz, R. and Lipkow, A. (2002): Life cycle assessment of water mains and sewers. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, Vol. 2 No. 4 pp 51-72. Held on 2nd IWA-World Water Congress Berlin 10/2001. IWA Publishing London 2002.
Herz, R. (1994): Alterung und Erneuerung von Infrastrukturbeständen – ein Kohortenüberlebensmodell. Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, 14/15, 9-28.
Kleiner, Y (2001): Sceduling inspection and renewal of large infrastructure assets. J Infrastructure systems, 12, 136-143
Kropp, I.; Herz, R. (2005): Schadensprognosemodelle für die Zustandsbewertung von Leitungsnetzen der Wasserversorgung. Wasserwirtschaft, Wassertechnik No. 5 S. 10 ff, Berlin 2005.
Kropp, I.; Lipkow, A. (2002): Erneuerung städtischer Infrastrukturnetze - Vorhersage des Erneuerungsbedarfs und Analyse von Rohrnetzerneuerungsstrategien. in: GeoBit 10/ 2002, 18ff. Heidelberg, 2002.
Le Gat, Y. (2004): Degradation Models for Drain and Sewer Pipelines Parameterised with CCTV Inspection Data. Cemagref Bordeaux, Internal paper, unpublished
Müller, N. (1998): Kosten - Nutzen -Untersuchung vorbeugender Rohrnetzerneuerung, dargestellt am Beispiel des Wasserrohrnetzes der Stadtwerke Chemnitz, Diplomarbeit, Lehrstuhl Stadtbauwesen, TU Dresden.
Stein, R.; Trujillo Álvarez, R.; Lipkow, A. (2004): STATUS Sewer – a holistic model for efficient net management based on section specific aging prognoses. NODIG 2004, Hamburg, Germany
Trujillo Álvarez, R.(1995): Bedarfsprognose und Strategieentwicklung für die Rehabilitation städtischer Wassernetzwerke. Dissertation, Karlsruhe 1995.
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