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Jan 01, 1900

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Today, supply and discharge lines are still predominantly installed by using the open-cut method: a trench is dug, the lines are installed. Under the protection of an embankment or sheeting and the trench is filled afterwards.

In the face of the numerous disadvantages as well as the citizens' growing environmental consciousness in the future it is urgently necessary to take trenchless technology into account much stronger than until today as an alternative …

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

(Image: Starting and target shafts)

Shaft:
Depression in the ground surface that is created by sinking (excavation or vertical boring), with suitable securing, that serves for the underground creation of bore holes with the aid of the methods of trenchless installation and for the transport of humans, machines, substances (spoil, air for ventilation, water, bentonite suspension, etc.) and auxiliary materials (pipes, cables, hoses) as well as power …

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

(Image: Starting and target shafts)

Shaft construction:
Method for sinking and securing of shafts [Olsha91].

Support (or securing):
Measures taken to prevent the collapse of the shaft (with reference to [DS853]) [Stein05a].

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

In trenchless installation, it is differentiated between:

  • Starting shaft

  • Target shaft

  • Intermediate shaft

(Image: Construction phases of the trenchless installation of sewers on the model of microtunnelling - Phase 2 (Jacking))

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

(Image: Starting and target shafts)

Starting shaft:
An auxiliary construction in the form of a shaft from which the jacking is started (based on [DS853]) [Stein05a].

Target shaft:
An auxiliary construction in the form of a shaft in which the jacking ends (also called destination shaft) (based on [DS853]) [Stein05a].

Intermediate shaft:
Auxiliary structure in the form of a shaft which is passed through planned (e.g. for maintenance, tool change, …

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

(Image: Starting and target shafts)

For instance, in microtunnelling and pipe jacking, the following occurs at the starting shaft:

  • Installation of the (main) jacking station and the abutment for introducing the jacking forces into the subsoil

  • Positioning the microtunnelling or shield machine

  • Installation of the fixed portions of the measuring system

  • Installation of the individual jacking pipes

  • Discharging the spoil excavated at the working face …

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

(Image: Starting and target shafts)

The duties of a target shaft are greatly determined by the methods in use. In microtunnelling and pipe jacking, it is used mainly for removing the microtunnelling or shield machine.

Target shafts are not used, for instance with blind boring, in the creation of service pipes by means of boring with underground connection to a pipe and sea outfalls in which the microtunnelling or shield machine is removed under …

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Terminology and definitions

(Image: Starting and target shafts)

Intermediate shafts are used for long jacking lengths in order to carry out planned works such as a change of excavation tools or other maintenance measures to the microtunnelling or shield machine.
(Image: View into an intermediate shaft)

Example of an intermediate shaft

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Image: Planning)

In trenchless installation, shafts are the only structures that must be installed in the open-cut method of construction.
(Image: Attention!)

In the interest of minimising the environmental disturbance as well as the construction costs associated with this, great importance is attached to the following planning aspects:

  • Selection of the location
  • Quantity
  • Form and dimensions
  • Shaft construction method and support.

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Image: Attention!)

In the lay out of the line the concerns of the jacking method to be applied must be taken into consideration:

  • short or long distance jacking project

  • usage of a starting or target shaft for the jacking of several distances

(Image: Utilisation of a shaft for several jackings [Stein05a])

The locality and the number of shafts are greatly influenced by the lay out of the planned line to be jacked.

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

If starting and target shafts cannot be installed into the line axis directly, it is possible to create underground starting and target galleries, which are served from an access shaft sidewise of the line.

(Image: Jacking with the aid of underground start and target galleries with reference to [Ito98] [Image: S&P GmbH])

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals


The shape and dimensions of shafts should be planned and built under the aspect of minimising expected emissions and construction costs as well as work and health protection.

 (Image: Cross sectional shapes of starting and target shafts)
(Image: Attention!)

Shafts in which work is carried out must have sufficient working space. The dimensions of the working space depend on the slope angle, lining, equipment, type of pipe and method of working […

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Table: Dimensions of starting shafts - important parameters [FI-Steina])
(Image: Starting shaft dimensions for jacking pipes of 2.43 m lenght for rectangular shape of shaft and sheet pile wall lining for pre-defined microtunnelling or shield machine and jacking station [FI-Toyot]) (Image: Starting shaft dimensions for jacking pipes of 2.43 m lenght for rectangular shape of shaft with semi-circular rounded faces and lining of liner plates for pre-…

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Table: Dimensions of target shafts - important parameters [FI-Steina])
(Image: Target shaft dimensions for square shape of shaft and sheet pile wall lining for pre-defined microtunnelling or shield machine and jacking station [FI-Toyot]) (Image: Target shaft dimensions for circular shape of shaft and lining with liner plates for pre-defined microtunnelling or shield machine and jacking station [FI-Toyot])

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Image: Working space widths for the erection of structures in building pits with reference to [TBG93a])

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Image: Attention!)

The depth of the shaft depends on the pipe to be jacked, the soil removal concept of the jacking method and the structural conditions of the shaft excavation (buoyancy prevention, embedded length etc.).

The depth of the shaft depends on the pipe to be jacked, the soil removal concept of the jacking method and the structural conditions of the shaft excavation (buoyancy prevention, embedded length etc.).
(Table: Application possibilities …

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Fundamentals

(Image: Methods for securing shafts [Stein05a])

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Sep 12, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Universal shaft construction


Universal shaft construction:
Construction of unlined and lined shafts in accordance with DIN 4124, which are excavated manually or mechanically [Stein05a].

In principle, one distinguishes in universal shaft construction between:

  • Unlined shafts

  • Shafts with removable linings

  • Shafts with non-removable linings

[DIN4124:2012]
(Image: Securing of trenches and shafts without lining with reference to [DIN4124c] - Vertical sloped walls)
(Image: Standard …

Sep 12, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Universal shaft construction

(Image: Diagram for the selection of a suitable lining type in universal shaft construction)

Sep 11, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Sep 12, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Unlined shafts

The simplest application form is presented by shafts with sloped walls.

The inclination of the slope is suited to:

  • the subsoil (physical properties of the in-situ soil types, water conditions),

  • the utilization of the adjoining surfaces (traffic paths, structures),

  • the expected loads by construction equipment,

  • the height of the slope and

  • its probable stability time.

(Image: Attention!)

If there is groundwater, then the water level must either …

Sep 12, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Unlined shafts

(Image: Securing of trenches and shafts without lining with reference to [DIN4124c] - Vertical sloped walls)

Vertically sloped walls

(Image: Securing of trenches and shafts without lining with reference to [DIN4124c] - Vertical sloped walls with sloped edges)

Vertically sloped walls with sloped edges

(Image: Securing of trenches and shafts without lining with reference to [DIN4124c] - Vertical sloped walls with sloped edges (variant))

Vertically …

Sep 12, 2008

Modules

Utility Tunnelling - Starting and target shafts

Unlined shafts

(Image: Permissible slope angles for trenches and shafts for non-cohesive or soft cohesive soils with reference to [DIN4124c] [Image: S&P GmbH])

Non-cohesive or soft cohesive soil

(Image: Permissible slope angles for trenches and shafts for at least firm cohesive soils with reference to [DIN4124c] [Image: S&P GmbH])

At least firm cohesive soil

(Image: Permissible slope angles for trenches and shafts for rock with reference to [DIN4124c] [Image: …

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