Based on the previous page, a finer differentiation and assignment of compactibility classes and soil types is done based on German standard which is used for the structural calculation of pipelines [ATVA127].

(Table: Soil Classification (DWA-A 139))

Further soil characteristics according to EAU 1996 can be found in the following (→ Table: Soil characteristics draft (e 9) of EAU 1996)

(Table: Soil characteristics for cohesive soil, calculated values according to DIN 1055)

(Image: Illustration of the strata boundary of fresh and salt water in coastal areas)

Hydrogeology is the study of the behaviour of water in the ground, regardless of whether the physical state of water is solid (ice), liquid (groundwater) or gaseous.

Hydrogeology also covers the interaction between groundwater and surface water (drainage ditch and bank filtrate).

Water moves underground usually within the cavities of loose rock, the gaps and joints …

In the given case of application, hydrogeological investigations are particularly used to determine the:

• Groundwater level

• Flow velocity and direction

• Permeability

• Accruing water quantity

• Hydrostatic pressure condition

• Chemistry of the groundwater

The knowledge of the site-specific hydrogeological conditions has a significant influence on the selection of the individually appropriate inspection-, construction- or rehabilitation method.

Furthermore, in conjunction with the in situ soil, conclusions can be drawn with regard to possible water retention measures and their potential consequences, e.g. when creating small building pits for repair measures from outside or when replacing drains and …

(Image: Groundwater conditions in different subsoil strata in accordance with [Lauma83])

Groundwater is "underground water that fills the cavities of the lithosphere coherently, and moves solely by the force of gravity" [DIN4049-3].

The appearance of water in the subsurface is directly related to the structure of the subsoil. The appearance of water in the soil is distinguished into:

• Seepage water

• Artesian water

• Groundwater (possible in several groundwater …

(Image: Aquifer confined/unconfined)

In groundwater layers, the first aquifer is always an unconfined aquifer, whereas all other aquifers are normally confined aquifers.

Whereas the pressure conditions in unconfined aquifers are determined by the free hydrostatic pressure, and the flow velocity is subject to the hydraulic gradient, the situation is different for confined aquifers.

There, the groundwater is under a higher pressure and, as a result of …

(Video: Distribution of water in the soil according to Hölting)

(Image: Example of a water pressure course as a result of the in situ groundwater)

The water permeability of the soil is a decisive factor for a structural assessment (in addition to the degree of the acting hydrostatic pressure).

It results from the type and condition of the in situ soil. However, possible subsequent layers with different degrees of permeability are to be taken into consideration.

Prior to the design and dimensioning of technical details, investigations according to [[ASTM D2434]] and/or [DIN18130-1:1998] should also be included. Their evaluation is based on the application of Darcy‘s law and, as a result, provides the permeability coefficient k.

(Image: Influence of the hydraulic gradient onto the permeability coefficient)

Darcy‘s law does not apply to coarse granular materials (turbulent flow).

In the test setting, the hydraulic gradient can be chosen according to practical aspects, as long as the flow behaviour is in line with Darcy‘s flow law (linear flow region), the particle structure is not changed and the flow of fluid does not cause a consolidation or swelling of the sample.

[Kolym98]

(Image: Influence of the average grain diameter d onto the limits of the linear region of the filter flow law)

In the cases where the flow behaviour is non-linear, the hydraulic gradient in the laboratory has to be adjusted to the field conditions. The limits of the linear flow region can be roughly estimated subject to the average particle diameter [DIN18130-1:1998].

Thus, for water permeability tests under prelinear or postlinear conditions in the …

In literature, you will find simple mathematical solutions for a practical, fast and approximate determination of the soil's water permeability, given a precise knowledge of the geological conditions. These solutions are especially useful for non-cohesive types of soil and they are dependent on the given particle size distribution. The most common formulas are listed below:

(Table: Calculation of soil permeability coefficient based on particle diameter)

The construction of sewers is often carried out using the open construction method. Depending on the design, this results in pipe-soil systems with different external loads on the sewer. To understand these relationships, the soil mechanical and hydrogeological principles for characterizing the subsoil are explained.

After completing this module, you will have a sound knowledge of how:

• to differentiate between soil types;
• to identify the influences of grain shape and grain size distribution on the practical construction properties of the subsoil and
• to name the different appearances of water in the subsoil;
• to determine the water permeability of the soil for a constructional assessment of the soil.