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The pipe ramming with closed pipe front can be used for jacking steel pipes with an external diameter ≤ 150 mm in displaceable soils [ATVA125:1996] of soil class L to DIN 18319 [DIN18319:2000]. In comparison to the DH as a solo apparatus, the area of application is extended to artificially filled or unstable soils such as quick sands, loam soils or soils with groundwater as the reaction force here does not have to be absorbed by the jacket friction … |
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This method, in EN 12889 [DINEN12889:2000] called "pipe ramming with a pipe at its leading end" and in ATV-A 125E [ATVA125:1996] "Horizontal ram with closed pipe" is described as follows in the European Standard: "Pipe ramming with a pipe closed at its leading end is a technique of forming a bore by driving a steel casing with a closed end using a percussive hammer. The ground is displaced by the closed end" [DINEN12889:2000] (Bild 5.1.2). In this … |
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After installing and connecting the (typically) hydraulically driven jacking station in the starting shaft, the pilot drill string, consisting of interconnected drill rods each 1 m long, is statically pressed into the subsoil. This pilot drill string determines the future position of the pipe to be installed. After reaching the target shaft, the pilot displacement head is replaced with an expander with an external diameter adapted to the pipe to … |
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Three-phase jacking with the horizontal jacking with expander is not mentioned in EN 12889 [DINEN12889:2000]. A representative of this process is the Japanese method SPEEDER SR-12 [FI-Hosho] [FI-Speed] (Bild 5.1.3.2) (Bild 5.1.3.2).
The first phase is a displacement pilot boring by means of pressing … |
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(Image: Horizontal jacking plant in the starting shaft [FI-Lanci]) Equipment required for a horizontal jacking with expander include (Bild 5.1.3.2) (Bild 5.1.3.2) :
As this technique requires relatively high thrust forces for static … |
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In the two-phase horizontal jacking with installation, pipes with DN/OD ≤ 100 and jacking lengths ≤ 15 m [ATVA125:1996] can be jacked [Jenne92] [Stein89g] through compactable, loose to medium dense displaceable, non-cohesive and very soft to firm and firm to stiff cohesive soils of soil classes LNE 1 to 2 or LNW 1 to 2 as well as LBO 1 and 2 or LBM 1 and 2 to DIN 18319 [DIN18319:2000]. In contrast to the DH, this process is suitable for all water-… |
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This method, in EN 12889 [DINEN12889:2000] called "rod pushing with an expander", is a two- or three-phase soil displacement method. The same method is called in ATV-A 125E [ATVA125:1996] "horizontal thrust system". The two-phase process is described in EN 12889 [DINEN12889:2000] as follows, "the ground is displaced by pushing a rigid pilot rod. The final pipeline is installed by pulling or pushing behind an expander" (Bild 5.1.3) (Bild 5.1.3).
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(Image: Soil displacement and compaction when using impact moling [Stein89g]) In the soil displacement techniques, a displacement body with a circular cross section is jacked statically or dynamically from a starting shaft into the subsoil up to the target shaft. Here the soil or rock material is not brought to the surface but is displaced under compaction of the adjacent subsoil in the immediate vicinity of the borehole (Bild 5.1) [Arnol93]. The line(… |
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The removal of the soil during jacking can be carried out continuously during jacking or discontinuously. Continuous soil removal is carried out with the aid of an additional removal cone or adaptor with side openings (Bild 5.2.1.1.1.1) (Bild 5.2.1.1.1.1), which is situated between … |
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Besides, the methods mentioned above, the following alternatives are available for removal of the soil core in … |
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During jacking of the open steel pipe, the in situ soil is forced into the inside of the pipe and the air in it is displaced through slots at the head of the horizontal ram or the open adaptor. As already mentioned, the soil core thus formed can be removed continuously, discontinuously at suitable intervals (Abschnitt 5.2.1.1.1.1) or after completion of the jacking (Abschnitt 5.2.1.1.1.2). |
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The discussion in Abschnitt 5.1.1.2 will apply in principle regarding the equipment for pipe ramming with open pipe front and the compressed air supply. Also in this case, no abutment is required in the starting shaft for absorbing the reaction forces. The following equipment is required for pipe rammings with open pipe front:
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Pipe ramming with open pipe front is described in EN 12889 [DINEN12889:2000] as, "pipe ramming/pushing with an open ended pipe," and defined as follows: "Technique of forming a bore by driving a steel casing with an open end using a percussive hammer or pushing device. The spoil is removed by augering, jetting, compressed air or high pressure water." Internationally the short terms "pipe ramming" or "impact ramming" are usual as well. In practice, … |
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The utilization of uncased auger boring machines begins from a starting shaft secured according to DIN 4124 [DIN4124:2002] (Abschnitt 12.1). The minimum length of the starting shaft is determined by the length of the base frame and the selected length of the auger rod string (0.5 m or 1.0 m). After alignment (analogous to method of operation of impact moling (Abschnitt 5.1.1.1)) and anchoring the machine either with the use of an abutment plate, earth … |
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An uncased auger machine is made up of the following components (Bild 5.2.2.2) (Bild 5.2.2.2) (Bild 5.2.2.2) :
(Image: Uncased auger boring machine PERFORATOR® HEB 1 [FI-Schmi] - Longitudinal section (auger rod with supporting edge))
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Uncased auger boring is used in homogenous, stable soils free of groundwater (soil classes LBO 2 and 3 and LBM 2 and 3 as well as LNE 2 and 3 and LNW 2 and 3 to DIN 18319 [DIN18319:2000]) for uncased straight line borings in the diameter range 90 mm to 220 mm [FI-Schmi]. The stability of the in situ subsoil for this application case must be assured not only as regards the support of the borehole walls against subsequent collapse and borehole deformation, … |
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In uncased auger boring, the subsoil is bored through in a rotating manner by means of an auger bore string and the loosened spoil is conveyed from the uncased borehole to the starting shaft. The uncased auger boring is not mentioned in EN 12889 [DINEN12889:2000] or ATV-A 125E [ATVA125:1996]. The uncased auger machine is based on the auger boring without casing (Bild 5.2.2) [Arnol93] and presents the simplest method variant of all boring techniques … |
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(Image: Principle of design of an auger boring plant [Stein89g]) The principal elements of a auger boring plant are shown in Bild 5.2.3.1. In this installation, the base frame positioned in the starting shaft carries the apparatus for the auger boring assembly consisting of hydraulically driven jacking cylinders as well as a drive for the auger string. The jacking cylinders are supported at the back against the thrust bridge fixed to the base frame. … |
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The following are among the basic components for auger boring:
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A particular method variant of auger boring is the socalled blind or dead-end drilling. This boring does not end in a target shaft or other cavity. A representative of this technique is the BOHRTEC BM 150 D method [FI-Bohrt]. The boring process is divided into the following phases:
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In this method variant, the BOHRTEC BM 150 D method is also utilized with corresponding modifications. The working phases are comparable in principle with blind drilling (Bild 5.2.3.3.2) (Bild 5.2.3.3.2) (Bild 5.2.3.3.2). Between phases 1 and 2, however, a drill rod string, driven by the auger machine with a diamond core drilling bit is inserted into the temporary pipe string and the affected pipe is drilled at the connection point (Bild 5.2.3.3.2) |
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In special applications, especially in the making of laterals to man-accessible sewers (≥ DN/ID 1200), the pipe (Bild 5.2.3.3.3) (Bild 5.2.3.3.3) as well as other secured cavaties (Bild 5.2.3.3.3) can take over the function of the starting shaft .
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Auger boring can be used in all soil classes L to DIN 18319 [DIN18319:2000] up to rock (rock classes FD 1/FZ 1 to FD 4/FZ 4 to DIN 18319 [DIN18319:2000]) for the installation of steel pipes with a nominal size DN/OD ≤ 1600 mm and jacking lengths of maximum 100 m. When used in groundwater, auxiliary measures are necessary. The jacking length depends on the nominal pipe size, on the subsoil and the resulting skin friction as well as the technical parameters … |
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