Cast iron piping has been used for more than 500 years, originally as grey cast iron piping. They were primarily used for the conveyance of drinking and process water [Biere85]. With the start of gas supplies more than 100 years ago, cast iron piping was used for this purpose as well.

Because of its excellent sound absorption characteristics, cast iron piping in the sewage sector is used primarily as soil piping in buildings. Such piping has hardly …

In the beginning, the production range of concrete pipes comprised a circular cross section with or without base in nominal size ranges of 75 mm to 1000 mm as well as pipes with ovoid cross sections of various forms and dimensions of 200/300 to 1000/1500.

Bild 1.7.7.1 shows forms usual …

The first concrete pipes possessed no integrated socket ends. Their butt ends were pushed hard up against each other during laying and the ends were covered with a 5 cm thick cement mortar into which a wire mesh was placed. This model can be compared with a push-on sleeve as was later used on the pipes without sockets (Bild 1.7.7.2.1).

The most widely used joint with concrete pipes was the lipped joint. The sealing of the pipe joint was carried out …

Reinforced concrete pipes have been available since the eighties of the 19th Century. The relatively thin wall thickness and resulting weight reduction brought about by this was the reason that, already at the start of the 20th Century, reinforced concrete pipes with circular cross sections were produced in the factory in sizes up to DN 2500.

Reinforced concrete pipes for gravity system sewers can be dimensioned for any load cases; they are specially …

The utilisation of concrete covered vitrified clay pipes has been known since 1912 [Braub25]. It only came into more common use, however, in 1964 under the designation of BK pipe. It combines the advantage of the corrosion resistant vitrified clay pipe to EN 295 [DINEN295a] with the high bearing strength of the reinforced concrete pipe. …

(Image: Section through a concrete pipe with lining of hard PVC cross plates (BKU system) [FI-Friat])

In this type of pipe, the inner lining is formed of plastics (Abschnitt 5.3.2).

Included in the concrete / reinforced concrete plastics pipes there can be included, for instance:

• Concrete and reinforced concrete pipes with a lining of soft PVC - or welded HD-PE strips with anchoring strips, naps or woven strips with stretched polyethylene threads on …

(Image: In-situ concrete with reversed ovoid cross section [Frühl10])

The large pipe diameters of prefabricated pipes inevitably lead to high transport weights that require heavy transport and lifting machinery. This was the reason for the very early production of in-situ concrete sewers with ovoid cross sections greater than 1000/1500 or circular cross sections > DN 2000 by the open cut method of construction involving the use of special forms [Frühl10].

Concrete is a building material of natural or artificial crushed granules, which are encased by a binder in the liquid condition (fresh concrete) and in the hardened condition of the binder are permanently cemented by it (hard concrete).

The following discussion confines itself to cement concretes whose binder consists exclusively of cement.

The production of concrete pipes was begun in Germany about 1850 immediately after the building of the first …

Polymerised concrete consists of a mixture of mineral, quartzite fillers in the hardly porous grading curve range to DIN 1045 [DIN1045:1988] and reaction resin on the basis of unsaturated polyester resins with properties to DIN 16946 Part 2 Table 3 [DIN16946:1989].

The material properties are made up as follows [FI-Meyerb] :

• Compressive stress: 100 N/mm² (and higher)
• Tensile bending stress: 13 N/mm²
• E- Modulus: 18.000 N/mm²
• Density: 23 kN/m³
• Long. …

After it was recognised what grave health dangers the handling of asbestos could cause, the fibre cement industry promised the Federal Government of Germany within the framework of "Ways out of Asbestos" in the mining area, to change over to an asbestos-free material technology by the latest at the end of 1993.

The new asbestos-free fibre cement pipes are produced by machines from an internally homogeneous mixture of cement with the addition of synthetic …

From about 1930 up to the end of the 80s, asbestos cement pipes produced by the winding process from a homogeneous mixture of asbestos, cement and water were used in sewer systems [Asbest77].

A survey of standards, nominal sizes and areas of application that apply to asbestos cement pipes is given in Tabelle 1.7.9.

(Image: Complete manhole base unit of reinforced concrete with butt and rocker pipes [FI-Hupfe])

As the native ground is disturbed and thus becomes prone to settling when manholes are built, it must be expected that positional alteration between manhole and pipes will take place. For a long time, no attention was paid to this problem so that relatively much damage has occurred in the laterals in the form of lateral cracks.

Already in the 70's of the …

(Image: Pre-cast concrete climbing ladder system [FI-allbe])

Shafts must be equipped with climbing aids - single row or double row climbing steps or fixed or movable climbing ladders.

Besides the climbing aids of the traditional climbing steps, concrete climbing ladders or climbing step systems that are formed at the time of the manufacture of the shaft ring or cone have also been available for a few years (Bild 1.8.2).

(Image: Concrete inspection chamber [FI-Betonb] - Section)

The EN 752-1 [DINEN752e] defines an inspection chamber as follows: "Chamber with removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer that provides access from surface level only, but does not permit entry of a person."

Inspection chambers must correspond to the operational requirements of ATV-A 241E, edition 1995 [ATVA241a] especially as regards ventilation, inspection and cleaning. Thus, their …

Private domain sewers are "Inaccessible pipelines laid in the earth or in the foundation that usually carry sewage to the lateral" [DIN1986:1998] (Bild 1.9.1) (Bild 1.9.1) (Bild 1.9.1).

The reasons for the necessity for ventilation and venting of sewer systems were stated by König in 1902 [FI-Stein96] as follows:

"A sufficient exchange of air is essential as well for health reasons as also in consideration of an undisturbed operation within a …

In the rehabilitation of sewer systems, neighbouring or crossing supply lines ranging from telephone cables to district heating piping may cause considerable difficulties.

Therefore, their position to the defective sewer, their structural condition and the condition of the surrounding embedment are important criteria for the selection …