Line and level of the sewer to be newly installed given by the general dewatering plan and sewage removal concept or the results of the sewer net planning, especially the hydraulic calculation (nominal pipe size, gradient) should be entered into the site and height plan within the scope of the planning so that a first impression of the topographic and local conditions, section length (manhole distances), surfacing and especially the positional depth …

This manual is the first to provide a comprehensive, easy-to-understand overview of the possibilities of trenchless pipeline construction for installing non-accessible pipelines and sewers by means of pilot pipe jacking and microtunneling. In 15 chapters with 85 pictures and 26 tables, all important aspects to be considered during planning, construction and acceptance are presented in a practical and easy-to-understand manner, in addition to detailed descriptions of the procedures and methods. Furthermore, topics jacking pipes, geotechnical investigations, starting- and target shafts, obstacle problems, steering and monitoring, lateral connection, work safety and health protection, planning, and economic considerations are also covered.

Modern civilisation is no longer conceivable without functional sewage installations, e.g. installations for collecting, discharging, treating or disposal of sewage.

In the interests of environmental protection and especially in the protection of water, the main activities of the past decades in Europe and especially here in the Federal Republic of Germany were in building of …

(Image: Age distribution of the sewers in German Federal Republic (position 1990) [Kedin87])

With the industrial development at the start of the 19th Century there arose, especially in the large cities of Europe (e.g. in Great Britain in 1840 and in Germany in 1842) the necessity for the building of sewers, i.e. of installations for the collection and drainage of sewage [DIN4045:1985]. Since then they have been constantly extended and today present …

In accordance with the European standard EN 752-1 [DINEN752e], the most important terms used will be defined below (Bild 1.2).

In this connection, it must be mentioned that the terminological definitions in EN 752-1 "are not intended to be legal definitions."

The main purpose of this technical information system is to provide information on the maintenance and rehabilitation of sewer systems outside buildings.

(Image: Standardised sewer cross sections with geometric values for fully filled to DIN 4263 (04.91) [DIN4263])

Sewers with the most varying cross sections and dimensions have been used since the beginning of modern sewage technology and some are still in use to this day.

The most important cross-sectional shapes are the circular, the normal ovoid and the normal arch cross sections (Bild 1.3).

The circular cross section was and still is preferred in …

Depth of cover is designated in EN 1610 [DINEN1610:1997] as the "vertical distance from the top of the pipe barrel to the surface".

The depth of the cellar bottom to be drained normally defines the minimum depth of cover of the combined water and wastewater sewers.

Taking into account the required minimum gradients of 1.0 % to 2.0 % for the laterals and pipes whose course follows the access path under all the supply lines, and the depth of the cellar …

The width of the trench was, and continues to be, a case for discussion, as this dimension influences not only the economics but also the proper laying of the sewer.

In the laying of sewers in Berlin in 1884, the minimum trench widths, depending on the diameter of the "clay pipes", shown in Tabelle 1.6.1.1 were specified [Hobre84].

The regions in the trench are divided, according to EN 1610 [DINEN1610:1997] (Bild 1.6.1.2) into embedment and main backfill.

The embedment comprises the areas of the bedding, the sidefill and the initial backfill for trench piping in the width of the trench; for piping in embankments or very wide trenches it is a width three times the outside …

Up to the 40's of the 20^th Century, the backfill of the embedment, i.e. the filling of the space between pipe and pipe trench wall was carried out by means of running sand or, at last a sandy ground up to 50 cm above the crown of the sewer, from which level up to 15 cm to 20cm thick soil could be compacted [Braub25].

DIN 4033, issue (11.79) [DIN4033:1979], which is also referred to in the ATV rules and standards prescribes the following for the pipe …

(Image: Laying a sewer unsing the open cut method [FI-Emun])

Until a few years ago, the sewers in the Federal Republic of Germany were laid almost exclusively by the open cut method, i.e. by means of digging a trench, laying the sewer with the protection of an embankment or a shoring and then covering up the trench again (trench sewer) (Bild 1.6.1).

The most important regulations for the laying of sewers using the open cut method are DIN 4033 [DIN4033:…

Besides the laying of sewers by the open cut method of construction, the trenchless or underground method of construction has been used since earlier times in special cases such as greater cover depths, in confined or heavily used streets and when crossing railway tracks or water courses.

Today the trenchless method of construction is becoming more important due to increasing political-ecological pressures and because the open cut method is often …

(Image: Construction materials in sewer systems)

As already mentioned, sewer systems have been constructed according to plan in Germany since 1842. In the building of the sewers, one first used the high degree of knowledge of the Romans who built large brick sewers and often used "Clay" pipes for small nominal sizes, which ended in a cone shape so that the pipes could be inserted into each other and thus connected.

For over a century the accessible …

(Image: Sandstone sewers in Dresden about 1900 [White94a])

Sewers of rubble are the exception in Germany, as compared to, for instance, France and Italy. The best-known examples of dressed stone sewers are the sewers made of sandstone built in the 19th Century in Dresden (Bild 1.7.2). In order to render them leaktight and to straighten out uneven patches, they were covered up to middle height by cement plaster. The roof arch of smaller sewers was …

(Image: Vitrified clay pipe joint up to the start of th 20th Century [Frühl10] [Braub25])

The joining of vitrified clay pipes is carried out today mostly by means of sockets whose depth is at least 70 mm increasing with rising nominal size to 105 mm. The 10 mm to 20 mm wide annular space between the sleeve and the spigot is used for the sealing material.

Until 1925, the actual seal consisted of clay or cement mortar or hydraulic caulk. In order to …

Vitrified clay pipes (formerly called clay pipes) belong to the oldest prefabricated components in sewer systems. They are manufactured from suitable clays with the addition of fire clays and fired to the stage of sintering [FI-Stein96].

During the firing, a previously applied glazing mass permanently melts with the fragments for inner and, if required, outer glazing, which, contrary to all other types of coatings that are applied later, cannot be …

(Image: Pipe joint of a full-wall PVC-U pipe with reference to [DIN19534] [Image: S&P GmbH])

The solid wall pipe systems are divided into:

• Extruded single-layer systems of PVC-U;
• Extruded single layer systems of HD-PE; and
• Extruded two-layer systems with a light coloured internal layer of HD-PE.

Extruded single-layer systems of PVC-U are produced in the nominal size range DN 100 to DN 600 and with lengths of 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mm. The jointing …

The following are included in the systems with profiled walls:

• Extruded solid wall systems with loosely …