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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Already in the 1970s, flexible pipe connections between manhole and sewer structure walls came into use in order to mitigate breakages resulting from shear loadings. The connection pieces and fittings must be in accordance with the corresponding pipe standards. This requirement was also valid for subsequently installed connections which were implemented in practice by an arrangement of flexible pipe joints as close as possible to the manhole in the … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components The connection of the pipes to the manholes and structures requires a double joint design on both ends of the pipe towards all incoming and outgoing sewers and drains. The integrally moulded sockets or inserted fittings have to comply with the dimensions of the pipes (rocker pipes) that are to be connected to them. [DINV4034-1:2004] (Image: Attention!) A break in the concrete bedding is necessary at the joint connections in order to allow for movement. … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components As for the joint production, the following two variants have proven successful:
Both variants are briefly described on the following pages. |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Variant 1 – Producing a flexible joint ahead of the manhole wall This variant is characterised by the creation of the double flexibility joint before the manhole wall. The connecting pieces include either sockets and/or spigot ends which are correspondingly cut from concrete or reinforced concrete pipes or pipes of other materials that are installed into existing or subsequently made manhole connecting openings. (Image: Piping connenctions to manholes … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Variant 2 – Producing a flexible joint within the manhole wall In contrast to variant 1, in this case, a flexible joint is integrated into the manhole wall (Image). Usually, connecting pieces in the form of socket joints are cast into the manhole base unit prefabrications directly at the factory or glued into holes that are subsequently drilled into them, thus allowing for sewage pipelines of various materials to be connected to the manholes. (Image: … |
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Masonry structures in sewer systems that are newly built or rehabilitated have to be
The joints are to be smoothed out both on the inside and outside. In addition, the bricks have to … |
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The masonry bricks are distinguished by the following characteristics [ [DIN4051:2002]]: (Image: Sewer brick NF K according to DIN 4051) All-sides rectangular – Shape K (Image: Sewer brick B according to DIN 4051) Wedge-shaped (Image: Manhole brick C according to DIN 4051) Manhole brick - Shape C (Image: Wedge-shaped brick according to DIN 4051) Special dimensions (Round, manhole channel and benching brick) |
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In the case of shafts for drains and sewers with nominal sizes ≥ DN 700, these climbing aids can also be formed onto the pipes sidewise (tangentially). (Image: Prefabricated manhole of GRP with entry arranged at one side - Tangential shaft with change of direction [FI-HOBAS]) (Image: Installation of a prefabricated manhole of reinforced concrete (custom shape)) |
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Shafts and manholes should be equipped with climbing aids - single row or double row climbing steps or fixed or movable climbing ladders. By reason of the limited space- and site conditions, a uniform and standardized design of the climbing aids in all shafts and manholes of a drain and sewer system is very important in order to provide routine accessibility and reliability. In addition, suitable holdfasts are to be arranged on the upper end of the … |
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Step rings are defined as “components that can be mounted or fixed on the wall of a shaft or man-accessible structure in the underground in order to allow for a safe entry and exit”. [DINEN13101] The step rings can be arranged in a single row (image above) or double row (image below). The dimension defining the distance from one step ring to the next is determined to be 250 mm for both single- and double row step ring arrangements, in exceptional cases … |
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Climbing ladders are classified into removable (mobile) and permanently installed (fixed) ladders with side spars or centre spars. Subsequently, the latter will be presented in detail.
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According to DIN EN 14396, the ladders can be made of the following material:
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For the past several years and in addition to the climbing ladders of the above-mentioned materials, there are also climbing ladder- or climbing steps systems made of concrete (image left) as well as access shaft frames made of stainless steel (image right) available on the market, which are moulded into place right in the production process of the shaft ring or –taper. Particularly for the area of channels, it is recommended to use access shaft … |
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Catch basin systems serve to take up the precipitation water (subsequently also called runoff or surface water) that is collected at the ground surface, enters the catch basin via gutters or troughs and is then discharged via one connection sewer/lateral each into the combined sewer for combined systems or surface water sewer for separate systems. In addition to the collection and discharge of the precipitation water, the catch basin is used for … |
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Since the beginning of sewer system construction in the 19th century catch basins were also designated as “street inlets, gullies” and their constructional design changed over time as a result of changing requirements.
All other forms that are used in practice today can be traced back to these … |
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Both types of catch basin illustrated here are composed of the two main components:
(Image: Catchbasin detail - direct discharge) (Image: Catch basin with sump) |
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The top parts (cast-iron frame and grate) are made of steel or cast iron. They are composed of a grate and a frame. The grates have a straight or curved surface as well as main- and cross bars at right angles with the direction of travel on the street. With respect to their size that results from the hydraulic design (“intake capacity”), the following three types are, amongst others, classified in DIN 19594 and DIN 19583:
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As a general rule, the top parts should be of a square-cut or rectangular shape and have to comply with the respective dimension standards. As an example, the image illustrates the very common square-cut top part of Type II. The slit width of this grate amounts to s = 36 mm. (Image: Cast-iron frame and grate (Type II) for road gullies according to DIN 19583-1) (Image: Top part (type II) for catch basins according to DIN 19583-1) |
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The top part (cast-iron frame and grate) take over the function of a screen for the retention of coarse material, such as leaves, branches, grass, etc. on the surface of the road. (Image: Catch basin grate) (Image: Top part (Type II) for catch basins) |
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There are existing different variants of top parts for standard catch basins. In most cases the standard top part is used. For catch basins in fixed mould gutters there exists the channel top part. The side top part with an opening at the side of the high kerb represents the exceptional case [Herkt2002] [RAS2005]. The side top part and another variant of that type, the combined top part, are only used in exceptions, for example if the sewer depths … |
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(Image: View into the bottom part of a catch basin with invert outlet) The catch basin with an invert outlet (direct catch basin) is characterised by a specially shaped bottom part with an integrated outlet and a bucket used for the retention of solid matter. In the case of the square-cut top part, the main structure is generally composed of a taper and a bottom with an outlet. If a rectangular top part is used, the taper is replaced by an intermediate … |
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