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Manholes must meet the following criteria:
(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) (Image: Requirements on manholes - Safe for traffic) (Image: Functions of manholes - Discharge and transmission of sewage) (Image: … |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) Shown here are two examples of manholes which are not in the required condition for access by personnel. (Image: Defective (1) or missing (2) step irons) (Image: Too great a distance between the road and the top edge of the first iron step) |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Discharge and transmission of sewage) Shown here are two examples of manholes which are not in the required condition for the processing of drainage or runoff. (Image: Stagnant sewage in a manhole) (Image: Significant organic and mineral deposits in the manhole) |
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(Image: Requirements on manholes - Leak-tight - Stressing of manhole by external water pressure e.g. with in-situ groundwater) Leaking manhole structures do not meet the established general requirements for manholes. (Image: Infiltrating groundwater) |
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(Image: Requirements on manholes - Load-bearing) The cracking shown in this manhole clearly indicates that it does meet the durability criteria required of a manhole structure. (Image: Cracks in a brickwork manhole) |
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(Image: Requirements on manholes - Safe for traffic) The photo clearly shows the results of a settlement in the area of a manhole, as a result of which the required traffic safety is not guaranteed. (Image: Manhole top raised above street level as a result of settling) |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Natural ventilation) In many countries as well as in urban regions of Germany, the prevention of odour build-up through manhole aeration and ventilation measures is becoming avoided. Warning: (Image: Manhole cover with ventilation openings) (Image: … |
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Manholes were previously produced using bricks, in-situ concrete, and precast or reinforced concrete. (Image: Construction of a masonry manhole) Bricked manhole (Image: In-situ concrete manhole) In-situ concrete manhole (Image: Installation of a prefabricated manhole of reinforced concrete) Precast manhole |
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Todays manholes are available in almost all material types. Exceptions include steel and cast iron. (Image: Manhole of HD-PE (DN 3000, H = 6000 mm) [FI-Kunstb]) HDPE manhole (DN 3000, H= 6000 mm) (Image: Polymer concrete manhole) Polymer concrete manhole (Image: Concrete manhole base with plastic components) Concrete manhole base with plastic components (Image: Manhole base unit of vitrified clay [FI-Stein]) Vitrified clay manhole bases |
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(Image: Manhole made of prefabricated components) Manhole made of prefabricated components Todays methods of construction primarily involve prefabricated manholes or manhole components. The most important standards and regulations for the different materials used include:
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Since November of 2004, DIN EN 1917 is effective for manholes made of concrete, steel fibre concrete and reinforced concrete. These standards specify that drains and sewers must only be made of prefabricated components of Type 2 that are resistant to a chemically moderately aggressive environment (Exposure class XA2 according to DIN EN 206) and comply with the more stringent requirements of DIN V 4034 with respect to concrete strength and leaktightness. |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components The upper section of a manhole is called a manhole top (Image). It is composed of a (manhole) frame, a dirt pan and a (manhole) cover. (Image: Section of a manhole top with reference to [DINEN124] resp. [DIN19549] [Image: S&P GmbH]) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Circular prefabricated manhole components of concrete and reinforced concrete (shaft rings) are standardised in the nominal sizes of DN 1,000 DN 1,200 and DN 1,500. For prefabricated manhole components with other cross sectional shapes for special constructions the dimensions and maximally permitted deviations from these dimensions are to be defined in the individual manufacturers’ documentations. In addition, concrete or reinforced concrete pipes … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components The channel and benching of the manhole base units used in gravity systems are generally produced either monolithically, with the manhole base and wall segment, or subsequently using in place concrete. [DINV4034-1:2004] (Image: Concrete manhole base unit with open channel) If required, the manhole base is lined with a corrosion protection made of e.g. masonry bricks or plastic. (Image: Concrete manhole base unit with open channel made of masonry bricks) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Corrosion protection variants of the manhole benching and channel in gravity sewers. (Image: Manhole channel with step pocket and benching with screed cover) (Image: Manhole channel and benching with screed cover) (Image: Manhole channel with vitrified clay half shell and benching with clinker brick) (Image: Manhole channel and benching with clinker brick) (Image: Manhole channel and benching with plastic lining) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components (Image: Attention!) (Image: Requirements on manholes - Leak-tight - Stressing of manhole by external water pressure e.g. with in-situ groundwater) All parts of a manhole, inclusive of its connections, must be designed and manufactured in a way that ensures a constant water tightness against inside and outside water pressure under all the possible loading conditions and across its entire service life span. In leaktightness tests, prefabricated manhole … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Vertical loads must be transferred evenly and not springily. These requirements are not met by older seal types. (Image: Overview of the joint seals) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Cement mortar seals This sealing can be used when there is no groundwater and no particular requirement for sealing (this does not apply to special mortars with special characteristics). The edges to be sealed must be wetted before applying mortar. Bituminous binder seals In addition to joint sealing an additional waterproofing measure can be applied to manholes located within the groundwater zone by applying a sealing coat to the outside of the manhole. |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Plastic seals The strips and putties used needed to possess sufficient stability. During installation the required pre-coatings had to be applied to the surfaces to be sealed. The installation of the shaft rings had to be carried out using spacers, e.g. by the use of mortar in the outer and inner joints (see image). (Image: Sealing of manhole rings using plastic seals (in groundwater) in accordance with ATV-A 241) (Image: Attention!) Since 1990 the use … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Elastic seals Elastic seals can be used for prefabricated components with coupling components that are designed in the form of sleeves or bell sockets. The seals are dimensioned under consideration of the available dimensions (Image: Jointing of shaft rings by means of rolling-ring gasket with reference to [Röhl77] [Image: S&P GmbH]) (Image: Jointing of shaft rings by means of sliding ring with reference to [Röhl77] [Image: S&P GmbH]) At first, mostly … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Currently the sealing of joints between precast manhole components is performed exclusively using elastomer seals as per DIN EN 681 and DIN 4060. (Image: Shaft ring sealings of elastomers) (Image: Shaft ring sealings of elastomers with reference to [FI-Denso] [Image: S&P GmbH] – sealing ring with dense structure for spigot ends according to DIN 4034-1) (Image: Shaft ring sealings of elastomers with reference to [FI-Denso] [Image: S&P GmbH] – sealing … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Shown here are further examples of elastomer seals currently used for the sealing of joints between precast manhole components. Ring seals using elastomer load transfer gaskets have been in use for approximately 30 years. (Image: Sand filled elastomer pressure transfer element with reference to [FI-Prinz] [Image: S&P GmbH]) (Image: Manhole joint and load transfer ring of eleastomer material (Twinseal) with reference to [FI-Forsh] [Image: S&P GmbH]) (… |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components According to DIN EN 1917, other sealing elements are permissible as long as these comply with the leaktightness criteria of the manufacturer (Image: Component joints according to DIN EN 1917 [DINEN1917a] – elastomeric sealing) (Image: Component joints according to DIN EN 1917 [DINEN1917a] – elastomeric, plastomeric or other sealing media) (Image: Component joints according to DIN EN 1917 [DINEN1917a] – elastomeric, plastomeric or other sealing media) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components (Image: Attention!) (Image: Possible positional deviations of manholes) During the installation of the manhole structure the native soil is disturbed and thus becomes prone to settling, it must therefore be expected that positional alteration between manhole and pipes will occur. For a long time no attention was paid to this problem which resulted in a relatively high proportion of damage occurrences in the service pipes and connection sewers in the … |
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