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What are collectors? Sewers that take up sewage that has been drained from branches are called collectors (e.g. branch sewer, main sewer). Their arrangement in sewer systems (Image) mainly depends on the plan form, the structure of the ground, the size of the community, the position of the receiving water, the wastewater treatment plant or the pumping station as well as the method of sewage treatment [DIN4045:2016]. (Image: Arrangements of sewers … |
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What is a section and what differences there are?
(Image: Principle sketch of a section) (Image: Grouping of the sewer network sections) |
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(Image: Attention!) Note: The term sewer is used as a collective term for all types of pipelines of a drainage system (main sewer, connection sewer, drain, house connections, etc.). [EN752:2017] |
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Depending on the jurisdiction (public / private), a drainage system is divided into sewers system and drain system. Public (municipality) responsibility The portion of the drainage system, which is usually in the public area of responsibility, forms the sewer system according to EN 752: a network of pipelines and associated structures (manholes, pumping stations, storm water holding facilities, etc.) that conveys sewage from drains to treatment works … |
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Private domain sewers are inaccessible pipelines laid in the earth or beneath a foundation that usually carry sewage to a public laterals or, given a respective legal assignment, directly to the public sewer on the street [DIN1986:2004]. They form a wide and complex network with an abundance of fittings, such as branches, bends and transition pieces. (Image: Position of private domain sewers under buildings) (Image: Private domain sewers with connected … |
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(Image: Connection variant of laterals to manholes) Quite often the connecting sewer between the public and private property is located within the public right of way - or more precisely, the sewer between the public sewer and the property line or the first cleanout point (e.g. inspection chamber) on the property. |
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The limitations of the areas of responsibility in Germany are defined in the drainage bylaw of an individual municipality. An example of possible allocation options is given below:
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The experiences that have been gathered in the operation and maintenance of drain systems have resulted in the following facts:
[Stein90d] [Stein92b] [Stein87a] [Stein89e] [Kraut91] [Schwe90] (Image: Sketch of a collector pipe with sewage … |
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What is sewage /wastewater? Sewage or wastewater is defined as “water that is composed of any kind of combination of water that has been drained from households, industrial and business establishments, runoff and unintentional ingress of infiltration water”. [EN752:2017] Foul Wastewater is a type of water that has changed its properties and condition due to its use and is then discharged into a drain and sewer system”. Foul Wastewater is subdivided … |
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(Image: Inspection with a tracer) What is not allowed into the wastewater? General guidelines with regard to the most important characteristics of substances that may still be considered safe for human health when they are discharged into public sewer systems can be found in Appendix A.1 of DWA-M 115-2. Substances that impede the functionality of the sewer system, form toxic, malodorous or explosive vapours and gases and, to a greater degree, cause … |
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The average concentrations of potentially toxic elements in domestic and commercial wastewater are given in the table. The maximum concentrations of potentially toxic elements found in commercial wastewater are generally greater than those in domestic wastewater. (Table: Concentrations of metals in domestic and commercial wastewater) |
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(Image: Domestic wastewater) Domestic wastewater is "wastewater discharged from kitchens, laundry rooms, lavatories, bathrooms, toilets and similar facilities" [EN752:2017]. (Image: Industrial (commercial) waste water) Industrial wastewater (trade effluent) "discharge resulting from any industrial or commercial activity" [EN752:2017]. (Image: Infiltration of extraneous water) Infiltration (into the drain or sewer system) is "unwanted flow resulting from … |
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(Image: Domestic wastewater) What is domestic wastewater? According to DIN EN 752, domestic wastewater is “wastewater discharged from kitchens, laundry rooms, lavatories, bathrooms, toilets and similar facilities”. The main sources of the substances that can be found in domestic wastewater are human excrement and water used for washing and cleaning [Stein1987]. Domestic wastewater also includes sewage from small trade premises (e.g. a petrol station, … |
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(Image: Industrial (commercial) waste water) What is Industrial / commercial wastewater? Industrial / commercial wastewater is the “discharge resulting from any industrial or commercial activity” [EN752:2017]. Wastewater with inorganic components accrue in such industrial establishments where water gets in contact with soluble or insoluble inorganic base products, intermediates and end products; inorganic process solutions that are used in the manufacture … |
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(Image: Industrial (commercial) waste water) What is Industrial/commercial wastewater? The heavy metal concentrations specified in the table for industrial wastewater that is to be discharged into a public sewer system are basically considered as safe for human health, whereby a percentage of 10 % of industrial wastewater in comparison to the total quantity of discharged sewage is assumed. (Table: General reference values for the discharge of heavy … |
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(Image: Surface water) (Image: Terms for flows derived from rain water according to DIN EN 752) What is runoff? The image gives an overview of the terminology for flows derived from rain water (precipitation water). Rain water: "water arising from atmospheric precipitation, which has not yet collected matter from the surface" [EN16323:2014]. Surface receiving water: "receiving water body that is on the surface of the ground (e.g. river, lake or sea)" … |
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(Image: Infiltration of extraneous water) (Image: Infiltration into a brick sewer) (Image: Infiltration into a cast-in-place concrete sewer) What is infiltration? Infiltration (into the drain or sewer system) is “unwanted flow resulting from an ingress of groundwater into a drain or sewer system [EN16323:2014]. The category of infiltration includes infiltrated groundwater, water that is discharged via faulty connections without permission (e.g. wastewater, … |
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Between which physical states of substances found in sewage can a distinction be made? Sewage is a mixture of water and various substances that are further categorised according to their physical state into:
(Image: Wastewater) (Image: Wastewater) |
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What is an emulsion? An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible without any visible separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion should be used when both the dispersed and the continuous phase are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the … |
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Undissolved substances are referred to as solid or particulate substances or matter. They are divided into suspended and settleable solids. Suspended solids consist of particles that can be quantified after an ignition process used to remove any moisture. These include particulate matter and suspended particles [DIN38409:1987]. Settleable solids are suspended particles that, given the right circumstances and time, settle out of a still fluid [DIN38409:… |
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(Image: Deposits sewer - mixtures of organic and mineral substances) (Image: Mineral solids in the sewer line) (Image: Deposits in the sewer – sewer film) Solids are categorized based on their composition into the following groups:
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The solids found in sewers originate predominantly from the following sources:
(Image: Origin of solids) |
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(Image: Attention!) Only a comparatively small proportion of substances contained in wastewater is quantified today. The reasons for this include:
According to the municipal sewage regulations, substances that could adversely … |
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