The table below presents the minimum trench width as a function of pipe outside diameter for ductile iron pipe installation using the open cut method.

There is no single formula that is applicable for minimum trench width calculation for VCP. Trench width is mainly one factor to compute loads caused by backfilling to determine the supporting strength of VCP. The factors taken …

What are the consequences of non-compliance?

If the trench width is too narrow, proper compaction of the backfill material (bedding/pipe support) at the pipe haunch zone cannot be achieved.

(Image: Pipe haunches for pipes with circular outer contour) (Image: Inadequate working space at the side of the pipe (no arrow)) (Image: Non-compliance with the minimum trench width - Compaction of the haunch zone and side fill not possible) (Image: Non-compliance …

What are the consequences of non-compliance?

Failure to comply with the minimum specified trench width leads to inadequate compaction of the bedding. This results in overloading of the pipe and cracking at the quarter points or in case of plastic pipes to deformation.

(Image: Concrete pipe failure at the quarter points due to insufficient bedding compaction) (Image: Clay pipe failure due to insufficient bedding compaction) (Image: Clay pipe failure …

What has to be considered when selecting the trench width?

The following details are to be taken into account in the selection of the trench width:

• The structural specifications

• If the minimum trench width is reduced, sufficient compaction of the soil in the embedment can no longer be ensured.

• An increase of the trench width may have a negative impact on the loads acting on the pipe.

• The blanket approach of a “dam condition” (e.g. in structural …

The base of the trench is the level onto which the sub base backfill material is placed.

(Image: Trench base) (Image: Trench base)

(Video: Loosening the trench base with an excavator bucket)

Which excavator bucket is suitable for the trench base? Select the correct image by clicking on it.

(Image: False excavator bucket) (Image: Correct excavator bucket)

• The load-bearing capacity of the trench base must be at least equal to the original load bearing capacity of the existing soil.

• The trench base must be free of water for the duration of the work. If this is not the case, proper soil compaction and a professional pipe support cannot be guaranteed.

• Any necessary measures for groundwater management must be carefully planned.

• Pipes must not be installed on frozen ground.

• The trench base must not …

The following rules and regulations are applicable in the United States of America (not an exhaustive list):

• ASTM D2321-20: Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewer and Other Gravity-Flow Applications

• ASTM D2774-12: Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping

• ASCE 15-98: Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD)

The following rules and regulations are applicable in Europe:

• DIN 4124: Excavations and trenches - Slopes, Shoring and working space widths, 01 / 12th

• DIN 4123: Excavations, foundations and underpinnings in the area of existing buildings, 09 / 00th Supplement 1: Notes, 07 / 81st Supplement 2: Calculation examples, 09/83.

• DIN 4084: Building; terrain and slope stability calculations, 07 / 81st

• EN 13331: Trench shoring equipment. Part 1: Product …

The embedment for standard trenches comprises of four zones: foundation, bedding, haunch, initial and final backfill [[ASTM D2774-12]]. The following image presents the terminology used in open cut installation of underground pipes.

The following materials are usually suitable for use in embedment:

• Sand with uniformity coefficient CU ≥ 3

• Very sandy gravel with maximum particle size of 0.8 in (20 mm), sand content > 15% and uniformity coefficient CU ≥ 3

• Uniform gravel

• Crushed sand-gravel mixtures with the maximum aggregate size 0.4 in (11 mm) for pipes < DN 35 in (900 mm) and maximum particle size 0.8 in (20 mm) for pipes ≥ DN 40 in (1000 mm).

If the excavated soil material …

What kind of soil is usually suitable for use in the embedment zone?

Table 2 in [ASTM D2321-20:2020] groups soils into soil classifications based on soil stiffness when compacted.

(Table: Soil classes according to ASTM D2321-20)

Table 3 in ASTM D2321-20 encompasses the recommendations for installatin and use of soils for foundation, embedment and backfill.

(Table: Description of Embedment Material as per ASTM D2321-20)

The quality of the bedding substantially affects the carrying capacity, serviceability, reliability, and the intended service life of the installed pipes, along with the settling behaviour of the soil.

The bedding layer must provide an even pressure distribution under the pipe, and support its entire length, in order to prevent damage due to point loading stresses.

Why is the bedding so important?

The quality of the bedding substantially affects the carrying capacity, serviceability, reliability, and the intended service life of the installed pipes, along with the settling behaviour of the soil.