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The closer one gets to the local level, the more prominent the conflicts will be intertwined with the social web and particular competing interests of local people, businesses, and other stakeholders. Sub-national / -basin and local level actors are both impacted by national or provincial level planning as well as triggering water conflict situations themselves through illegal abstraction, pollution, and regulating water courses or lakes. In many … |
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Groundwater is in many regions of the world a resource widely and extensively used and very often over-abstracted, but groundwater aquifer management and basic monitoring is not really implemented in most of the developing world and even the developed one. Downward trends are recorded at the local and even regional levels where groundwater resources are used. However, because many groundwater systems have not been explored and assessed sufficiently … |
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Achieving the human right to water and the MDG water and sanitation targets will continue to be a serious challenge in many regions of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa, with its continuously growing population and urbanization will require special attention. While the international community will continue to debate financial resource mobilization so that efforts can be increased, at least the sanitation target will not be achieved in the coming years … |
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Key to conflict prevention and resolution at all levels is a sound, comprehensive, and participatory river or lake basin plan at the basin, sub-basin, and local level that involves all relevant stakeholders. Pre-condition to any planning exercise is a comprehensive assessment of the water resources available over time, their status and the trends, and data gathering / analysis / interpretation that includes an understanding of current water use and … |
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES – The benefits people obtain from ecosystems:
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(Table: Acronyms) |
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Mar 21, 2012 |
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(Image: Water distribution on Earth) “Water is essential for achieving sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals. Properly managing water resources is an essential component of growth, social and economic development, poverty reduction and equity – all essential for achieving the Millennium Development Goals” [Unesc]. From a chemical point of view, water (H2O) is a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom (… |
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According to [DIN4049-3], the hydrologic cycle is the permanent changing of water in its state and location, with its main components being precipitation, runoff, evaporation and atmospheric transport of water vapour. In other words, the hydrologic cycle describes the continuous transport and storage of water on both a global and regional level, above and below the Earth’s surface. In the process, the water changes its aggregate state several times … |
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The hydrologic balance equation (in general also called water inventory or water budget equation) is a quantitative description of the natural hydrologic cycle, i.e. the interrelation between the components and environmental compartments of water (hydrosphere), soil (pedosphere) or air (Earth’s atmosphere). The components are:
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The regional hydrologic cycle is in a small way also influenced by the “urban hydrologic cycle” that is shaped by man. The mere development of urbanisation (the spread of the urban lifestyle) has a massive influence on the water balance and results in both quantitative and qualitative changes of the units to be balanced in the catchment area under observation. According to [Klinger2007], the main anthropogenic activities with negative effects on … |
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The proper functionality and leak-tightness of the drain and sewer system has a massive impact on the hydrologic cycle in urban areas, and thus also on both the quantity and quality of groundwater as a resource. Combined with the effects of the global climate change (global warming, climatic shifts), this fact becomes a national challenge. What is important in this context is to realise that due to the very distinct local and environmental conditions … |
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Oct 22, 2012 |
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The systematic construction of supply and disposal lines in Europe began in the 19th century (in Germany: sewer system in 1842, water supply in 1854, gas supply in 1885). Since that time, these infrastructures have been incessantly expanded – with the result that, for example, currently the German sewer system alone amounts to a length of more than two million kilometres. Most of these systems are located in the ground under the public road network; … |
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(Image: History of sewer systems: U-shaped gutter and socket pipe) From what we know today, the oldest findings of water pipelines and drains originate from the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. They were discovered in the former Habuba Kabira at the upper reaches of the River Euphrates. In those days, three different technical variants were applied in the construction process of these lines. [Garbr88] Often, they were also combined with one another: Large sewers |
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(Image: History of sewer systems: Drainage shaft, Babylon) This period of time is characterised by the drain and sewer systems in Mesopotamia and Babylon. The highly frequented temples had washing areas and toilets that were drained using socket pipelines. In the Mesopotamian palaces toilets and bathing facilities (that were partly connected to the sewer system) formed part of the living comfort. The so-called “North Palace” of Tell Asmar, which was … |
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The first reports of sewage handling in Egypt were derived from the archaeological findings from the time of the second royal dynasty, namely remains of latrines that formed part of the furnishings of graves: The burial temple of King Sahure was equipped with a technically complex drain and sewer system. To construct the sewers, the builders first placed a base made of limestone that included a groove for the placement of the pipe. The subsequently … |
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The findings of urban settlements in what is today Pakistan and India, mainly in the valley of the River Indus and in an area in the north of Bombay, are extraordinary examples of sewage treatment technology of its time. The most important cities of this civilization along the Indus River are situated near the cities that are today known as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Kot Diji and Lothal. (Image: History of sewer systems: Wastewater discharge spout) In … |
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