The coefficient of linear extension of HD-PE and PP pipes is approx, 0.17 mm/(m·K).

If a plastics pipe is anchored between two points then, due to the prevented thermal expansion, pressure is built up on warming and tensile stress on cooling. In the temperature region of -40 ° C to +20 ° C investigated, a tensile stress of 9.3 N/mm² was measured for cooling and a compressive stress of 5.8 N/mm² for warming. These stresses, which relax over the course …

In case I (Bild 5.3.2.6.4.2) the internal pressure for rigid piping generally forms the decisive load condition whereby an accompanying effect of the grouting material or the old pipe is not included for reasons of safety.

For a given internal diameter d_i and internal pressure p_i, there is applicable for the calculation of the wall thickness with a constant assumed stress distribution, that is, ignoring thick walling:

(Image: Distribution of the lining processes)

The lining processes (continuous pipe, long pipe, short pipe, deformation, reduction, spirally wound pipe, cured-in-place pipe and grouted-in-place pipe processes) and the installation processes are dealt with below under the following process groups (Bild 5.3.2) :

• Lining with pipes; and
• Lining with installed individual elements (segmental lining process) in the form of
  • Partial segmental lining of the invert …

(Image: Manhole lining with pre-fabricated GRP pipe [NASSCO85a])

For manhole lining with short pipes (Abschnitt 5.3.2.2.2), use is generally made of pipes of plastics (Abschnitt 1.7.4), polymer concrete (Abschnitt 1.7.8), fibre cement (Abschnitt 1.7.9), or concrete and reinforced concrete with integrated corrosion protection (Abschnitt 1.7.7.3).

The course of such a rehabilitation measure is as follows (Bild 5.3.3.1) [NASSCO85a] :

1. Removal of the manhole …

This group of processes, in the case under application represented by the Flap-Lock Process, is based on the spiral lining process discussed in Abschnitt 5.3.2.3 [FI-Preus] [FI-RIBLOa].

The climbing rungs are removed, the projecting inlets are cut off flush and closed with sealing balloons and the whole manhole is cleaned. Then the 140 or 280 mm wide rib profile (Flap-Loc profile), which is cut to length, is manually wound around the circumference …

Site manufactured and hardened linings are based on the cured-in-place process mentioned in Abschnitt 5.3.2.4.1. A special development in this respect for lining manholes is the "Poly-Triplex Liner System" developed in the USA (Pat. Nos. 5,265,981, 5,940,744) [Haywa96] [FI-SunCo].

In this process, a multi-layer liner hose prefabricated to the dimensions of the manhole to be rehabilitated is soaked with epoxy resin and with an integrated non-porous …

The Permaform Manhole System [FI-Insit] [Wade91] [Haywa96] is one member of this group of processes.

The non-self-supporting lining is anchored by means of T-ribs in a 50 mm to 70 mm thick beam cross section of in-situ concrete. A system steel shuttering is placed in the entry manhole (Bild 5.3.3.4.1) and this takes over the support of the corrosion protection layer and the poured concrete. Special shuttering elements permit the fabrication of this …

(Image: Lining a manhole with GF-UP plates [Siebe83])

The GRP segments used for this application case are 1.0 to 1.5 m wide, up to 4.0 m long and 5 mm thick. Although they can be cut, the same economical and problem-free working conditions apply as for the PVC-U rib plates. Also here large, regular surfaces should be available (Bild 5.3.3.4.2).

In order for the GRP segments not to be sized for water pressure, a drainage felt should first be glued to …

These processes applied to the complete segmental lining of sewers (Abschnitt 5.3.2.5), can also be transferred to the lining of entry manholes and structures of drain and sewer systems (Bild 5.3.3.4) (Bild 5.3.3.4) [ATVM143-4b] [Zegwa].

In-situ laminates, according to ATV-M143 Part 4 [ATVM143-4b], are understood to be linings with fibre-reinforced resin masses, whereby large-surface in-situ laminates are special cases. They are to be sized to be self-supporting and to be connected with fastening elements. An adhesive bonding with the pipe cannot be calculated. Sewer atmosphere and damp pipes make perfect technical connection difficult.

The sequence of working steps in lining a concrete …

The replacement of defective sewers in the current line run by the open cut method is basically comparable with the corresponding new sewer construction. As already mentioned in Abschnitt 5.4, this is the state of the technology and is here assumed to be known, so that mention will only be made of some peculiarities of the case under consideration in the following.

A fundamental condition for the application of this process is the knowledge of the …

The semi open cut method, also called the semi open pipe jacking, is characterized in that the new man-accessible sewer, as with hydraulic pipe jacking (Abschnitt 5.4.3.3), is pushed through from a starting excavation to the target excavation.

The removal of the soil and taking the sewer taken out of service is carried out from the surface with the protection of a bottom ring, open in the crown and with the assistance of a grab or excavator. For this …

Gallery techniques or heading is used preferably in non-man-accessible sewers that have to be replaced and that have sufficient cover height.

During gallery techniques or heading, the sewer or pipeline to be replaced is exposed, with the provision of a temporary protection, dismantled and replaced by a new one. The removal of the soil and the sewer or pipeline to be replaced is carried out manually with the aid of appropriate tools or machines e.…

Brunel's patent application 160 years ago gave the following definition for the shield: "A steel coat is pressed into the unstable ground with presses or spindles. Within the protection of this coat, the soil …

(Image: Microtunnel construction - View of the start shaft with main jacking station and reinforced concrete jacking pipe [FI-FBS])

Hydraulic pipe jacking (see ATV-A 125E or DVGW-W 304 [ATVA125:1996]) [Stein85a] [Conra84b] [Hornu89] [Scher77b] [Stein85e] has been available since the turn of the 20th Century as an alternative to the gallery techniques (heading) and the shield tunnelling with segment lining. This method for the case under consideration …

(Image: Cutting head modified for "pipe eating" [FI-Solta])

In this replacement process, also known as pipe replacing or pipe eating, the defective, non-man-accessible sewer or pipeline is run down by means of an unmanned pipe jacking technique < DN 1200 (Abschnitt 1.3), destroyed and removed, and at the same time the new sewer or pipeline with the same or larger nominal size is laid in the same pipe course [Stein88a] [Möhri88].

Depending on the process, …

Pipe replacement with the introduction of dynamic forces was developed by the British Gas Corporation, England [FI-Britia] for the gas sector (European Patent No. 0053480) (Bild 5.4.3.4.2.1) and this was later adapted for the sewage sector. Based on this development, similar processes and machine developments have been marketed internationally and also in the Federal Republic of Germany [FI-Ryan] [FI-DIGA] [FI-Tracta] [FI-Terrab] [FI-Broch] so that …

Hydraulic pipe bursting has been used in the Federal Republic of Germany in the past few years, for instance, under the designation KM- Berstlining [FI-KMG] (licensed under the patented …

In contrast to the static and hydraulic process, in the pneumatic pipe bursting process the kinetic energy of the percussion piston in the inside of the bursting body results in percussions that are transferred to the environment and can be connected with:

• High levels of noise;
• Uncontrolled advancing destruction or collapse of the sewer to be replaced;
• Undesired compaction of the soil in the region of the embedment in connection with settling of the …

(Image: Bearing effects of the soil in the secondary condition II initiated by a dynamic bursting process (schematic depiction) [Falk95b])

The determination of the required bursting force, especially the part attributable to soil displacement, as well as discussion on the form and radius of the plastic zone, are not only important for the testing of possible effects on the pipe run but make an important contribution to the definition of the loading …