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A vacuum sewerage … |
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Drain and sewer systems serve to collect and discharge sewage in the form of wastewater and/or surface water. Wastewater, according to EN 752-1 [DINEN752b] is defined as "water changed by use and discharged to a drain or sewer system" and surface water as "water from precipitation, which has not seeped into the ground and which is discharged to the drain or sewer system directly from the ground or from exterior building surfaces." Drain and sewer systems, … |
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Telecommunication (TC) is the exchange of messages and information in the form of tones, pictures, text or data over larger distances to end devices such as telephones, television, fax or data processing devices (e.g. computers). Broadband communication (BC) is a generic term for those forms of telecommunication, which, because of the quantity of information to be transmitted per unit of time, require a relatively large frequency land (mostly several … |
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An electrical energy supply system consists of the power plants that generate the electrical energy (electrical power), lines that transport the current to the consumers (e.g. households, business and industry, public transportation systems and street lighting), where it is converted into other forms of energy such as mechanical energy, heat and light energy, as well as transformer stations (transformers) that connect the different voltage levels … |
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The transmission and distribution of electrical energy for power supply (Abschnitt 1.1.5.2) as well as of speech, data and pictures for communication purposes (Abschnitt 1.1.5.1) is carried out - except for the possibility of wireless communication - either via overhead cables or via underground cable lines, also called cables for short. Cables are used almost exclusively for this purpose inside towns and industrial centres and these are installed … |
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In the following, the line systems shown in Bild 1 are introduced with reference to the important aspects of trenchless installation of cables and pipes such as:
Hidden among the various types of piping, for instance, are mineral oil pipes, tube post lines [Arnol00] [Stein00b] [Heck65] transport pipes for goods … |
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All the current standards and regulations dealing with the position and arrangement of lines for new installations are based on the single installation of the lines, and these are the subject of the following discussion. However, in place of single installation (Abschnitt 2.1.1) of lines there is the possibility in public areas and especially at crossings of traffic roads and waterways of multiple installation in the same line and gradient (directly … |
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In order to maintain the functional capacity of human social structure and to ensure further urban development, supply and disposal lines (product lines) for transport and … |
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